Witch-doctors, shamans, faith healing, intercessory prayer, exorcism etc. curing by supernatural means
Filipino ‘psychic surgery’ & the US FTC ruling
🏛️ Official record
US Federal Trade Commission · exposed by magicians incl. Randi · Philippines · USA · 1975
‘Psychic surgeons’ ‘reached into’ patients’ bellies bare-handed to pull out ‘tumours’, drawing planeloads of American patients in the 1970s; the FTC ruled it ‘pure and unmitigated fakery’ and barred agencies from promoting such trips; the ‘tissue’ was mostly animal offal and blood.
VerdictOfficially ruled fraud.
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Zé Arigó the ‘psychic surgeon’
📜 On record
Brazilian courts (jailed twice for illegal practice, 1958, 1964) · Puharich investigation · Brazil, Minas Gerais · 1950s–1971
Claiming possession by ‘a German doctor’s spirit’, he operated with an unsterilised fruit knife as hundreds queued daily; US doctor Puharich observed but had no controlled data.
VerdictA judicial record exists; efficacy has no controlled study.
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‘John of God’ (João de Deus)
✕ Debunked
Goiás state court, Brazil · Brazil, Abadiânia · 1970s–2019
Claimed to ‘heal’ millions and appeared on Oprah in 2010; arrested in Dec 2018 on hundreds of women’s sexual-assault accusations and sentenced from 2019 to over a hundred years total.
VerdictA complete file from ‘healer’ to convicted felon.
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South Africa’s Traditional Health Practitioners Act
🏛️ Official record
South African Parliament (2007) · South Africa · 2004–2007
Legislated recognition and a regulatory council for ~200,000 ‘sangoma’ and other traditional healers; an estimated 60%+ of South Africans have consulted them.
VerdictNational recognition of traditional healers — but not of efficacy.
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The WHO Global Traditional Medicine Centre
🏛️ Official record
World Health Organization · Indian government ($250M) · India, Jamnagar Gujarat · 2022
The WHO and India built a global traditional-medicine centre to drive evidence research; the WHO estimates 170 member states use traditional medicine.
VerdictThe official stance: ‘study it’, not ‘believe it’.
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The Anneliese Michel exorcism-death case
🏛️ Official record
Aschaffenburg district court, Germany · Germany, Klingenberg · 1976–1978
A 23-year-old with epilepsy and psychosis underwent 67 church-approved exorcisms, stopped medication and food, and died; her parents and two priests were convicted of negligent homicide (suspended). The model for ‘The Exorcism of Emily Rose’.
VerdictA judicial file on exorcism ‘healing’ causing death.
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Byrd’s coronary-care intercessory-prayer trial
🎓 Academic research
San Francisco General, Randolph Byrd (Southern Medical Journal 1988) · USA, San Francisco · 1988
393 coronary patients randomised to prayed-for or control; the prayed-for group did better on some complication measures; critics note only a few of 29 measures were significant (multiple comparisons). Harvard’s larger 2006 STEP replication was null (see Regeneration).
VerdictA positive result unsupported by larger studies.
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Psychedelic plant therapy: from shamanic ritual to FDA ‘breakthrough therapy’
🎓 Academic research
Peru’s National Culture Institute (2008 declared ayahuasca ritual heritage) · Johns Hopkins Center for Psychedelic Research (2019) · US FDA (2018/2019 ‘breakthrough therapy’ for psilocybin) · Peru · USA · 2008–2020
Amazon shamans’ ayahuasca ritual is Peruvian heritage; the same class of substances (DMT, psilocybin) showed significant antidepressant effects in Hopkins and Imperial RCTs, published in JAMA Psychiatry 2020.
VerdictChemical components of ‘shaman medicine’ enter mainstream psychiatric trials.
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‘Power-emission lectures’ & the Hu Wanlin case
✕ Debunked
China’s 1980s–90s qigong craze · Shaanxi provincial court (2000) · China · 1987–2013
‘Masters’ like Yan Xin gave ‘power-emission lectures’ in stadiums where crowds reported pains vanishing; ‘healer’ Hu Wanlin ‘treated’ people with huge doses of mirabilite, killing several, and was jailed 15 years for illegal practice in 2000, re-arrested after release in 2013.
VerdictA mass-suggestion effect plus a judicial file.
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